Does a CS degree increase or decrease job satisfaction as a programmer?

It's likely subjective.

Just from the devs I've known personally (so hardly representative of the whole dev population), there appears to be a bit of a correlation with people not having degrees being more likely to be happy with their line of work.

This is entirely speculation, but I think it may be because people without degrees are more likely to have chosen the field because they love doing it, and people with degrees are more likely to have chosen the field because it pays well.