Here is a few I can think of.
- Arthur Whitney (K, Kdb+ & Shakiti)
- Micro APL (I don't know the owner)
- Dyalogue APL(I don't know the owner)
- Stephen Wolfram (Mathematica, Wolfram Language)
- MATLAB (I don't know the owner)
I would be happy to learn more about this industry and the people involved.
Please help me list interesting projects and people that concern this topic. Or Nudge me to resources that I may find interesting.
Four that are definitely worth learning about as their inventors and contexts are super interesting and a lot of material is available
Alan Kay, Smalltalk
Bjarne Stroustrup, C++
Brad Cox, Objective C
Rich Hickey, Clojure
I would add that JetBrains, the business, has been incredibly and for many very surprisingly successful at being a for profit programming tools company that now has invented their own language variant (Kotlin). Very interesting story.
Lua and Ruby come to mind. If you expand it a bit, Elixir, Java, Javascript, Python, Perl, and PHP all had mostly solo designers at first. (Of course eventually they'd become much bigger projects.)
Delphi