You don't need to understand any specific technical details. Just the general physics principles that are involved (i.e. why/how is the heat transferred out of the fridge).
Context: I had a discussion where the topic of refrigerators came up, and I considered it to be a widely known principle. But so far, the vast majority of people I asked never learned or questioned how do fridges actually work (however, most people do seem to know there is some sort of motor and some coolant inside). I think HN is definitely a biased source of data, but still I think it would be interesting to see how common this knowledge really is.
Finally: there's no shame in not knowing/caring how refrigeration works. Please don't turn this into "I know this one random fact hence I'm more knowledgeable". Save that for a whiteboard interview :)
More than a 'general idea'. But you'll find as you've already learned, a huge percentage of people have no idea.
Not want wanting to brag or anything, but there is SO MUCH stuff that I have no idea how it works.
Present times I would not like to guess how the population around would fare - when I see weather disasters the last few years, many are throwing their fridge out once it's been flooded - rather than take a couple of weeks to clean and wait for it to dry out. Sure they've become very complicated and some brands don't respond very well to being saturated, the guts of the compressor are sealed.
Most of what I learned about fridges I did during a few months as a delivery person working for a white goods company.