* Kadmelia
* BitTorrent
* Bitcoin
* Secure Scuttlebutt
* IPFS
* Ethereum
* Pastry
* DAT
* Corda
* OceanStore
What do you think is missing from the list? What are your favorites and why?
Lightning Network on Bitcoin: https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf
Plasma on Ethereum: https://plasma.io/plasma-deprecated.pdf
Interestingly, the Lightning Network and Plasma white papers share a co-author.
Why they're educational:
Plasma helped inspire a workable scalability solution on Ethereum: Rollups
As for the Lightning Network whitepaper: it introduces a really novel and elegant idea for P2P payments that is interesting in its own right.
Moreover, the LN's ultimate failure helps teach one about the practical UX requirements for a blockchain scalability technology to be successful.
Both white papers provide an insight into the tradeoffs inherent in scalability technologies.