Which programming language(s) are big companies backing?

The list of companies supporting C++ is a bit longer than that, without thinking too much about it, either by ISO contributions or compiler toolchains we have, Microsoft, Facebook, Apple, Google, IBM, NVidia, IBM, ARM, Intel, AMD, HP, Codeplay, Sony, Nintendo, TI, Microchip, PTC, Red-Hat, Bloomberg, Green Hills, among others that I might have forgotten.

Likewise for Java, we have Oracle, Microsoft, IBM, HP, Pivotal, Alibaba, Red-Hat, SAP, PTC, Aicas, microEJ, Ricoh, Azul, Amazon, Google, among others that I might have forgotten.

Clojure (Nubank)

Elm (NoRedInk)

Crystal (Manas)

They hired the Clojure and Elm language creators and extensively use the language. Crystal was created by a (small) company AFAIK[0] and still back it.

[0] https://manas.tech/projects/crystal/

TypeScript: Microsoft

Kotlin: JetBrains is the main backer and later got embraced by Google/Android

Hack (closely related to PHP): Meta/Facebook (but not used much anywhere else)

PHP: WordPress (one of the main reasons why is PHP so popular although not a major PHP backer as far as I know)

PHP had lots of resources from Facebook, not sure if that is still the case. But PHP has enough market share where resources isn't a problem.

Python from Google, Nvidia, Microsoft and Companies with Machine Learning, AI etc.

Javascript from all major Browser Vendors.

As I have stated before the only programming language that broke the Top 10 list without a major industry or company backing was Ruby. There are lots of companies or Startup that uses Ruby, GitHub, GitLab, Basecamp, Cookpad, Stripe, Discourse etc. But the investment in Ruby or the VM itself is relatively tiny. Remember Shopify investing in Ruby is a fairly recent thing.

How did everyone, so far, missed Python?

It is backed my Microsoft, Facebook, Google, and many more.

Odin is backed by companies in the movie and video game industry

https://odin-lang.org/showcase/embergen/

K is backed by several financial institutions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_(programming_language)

Carbon is backed by Google

Google was an early supporter of TypeScript, which replaced their own JavaScript type annotation language in Angular. They did this despite having created Dart, which languished after the Blink team decided they couldn't support a Dart VM in the browser. Dart is now primarily used with Flutter to draw components with the Skia framework. It's also in the upcoming Fuschia OS. I don't think Dart is used much anymore for it's original intent to be used like JavaScript for DOM manipulation.

OCaml (Jane Street) is one that comes to mind

Kotlin is developed by JetBrains but it's what Google endorse as preferred language for Android development.

> Java (Oracle)

Java is huge at Amazon and Google, and it's used at every other company on the list too. Same with C++ - it's everywhere and there is a lot of it.

Objective-C was around for a long time, and is still in use; I'd be careful not to lump that in with the also-rans.

Not mentioned: Lua, which continues to be used in a lot of places.

And did anyone mention Erlang / Elixir / BEAM?

Ruby: Shopify, Basecamp, Stripe, Airbnb afaik also Twitch to some degree

It's hard to explain people in US but in Central Europe Java is like 70% of software jobs, the rest is Node and .Net and everything else is really niche outside of their domains.

Kotlin and Scala are the most popular I’m seeing in my current field (finance).

wasm (Mozilla, Microsoft, Google, Apple, Fastly, Intel, Red Hat)

In the JS ecosystem..

TypeScript (Microsoft), React (Facebook)