What must happen to humanity to solve the climate change problem?

It is cheaper or even profitable for corporations to take actions that either don't improve, or actively undermine the ecosystem and the environment.

Make it profitable to be clean, or force them to be clean by government action, and the problem will resolve itself in your country.

If other countries are polluting, stop trading with them if you can or tax them heavily and invest the tax money into environmental pursuits.

In short, this is an economic problem. Governments, and even individuals, can vote with their wallets to improve the situation.

> what prevents us to make these decisions

The vast majority of people are greedy, uneducated and selfish.

Fix that and you won't just fix climate change you'll fix a lot of our issues.

We evolved in a species that is just intelligent enough to develop technology but not intelligent enough to handle it properly. You do not only see this with the (ab)use of fossil fuels, but also, for example, with respect to the use of antibiotics.

With respect to our closest relatives, it is interesting that our level of aggression is in the middle of the chimps and bonobo's. Apparently, we are at the right level between individualism and cooperation to have developed the kind of intelligence we posses. If we would have been more cooperative, and value our personal interests less than that of the species, we would not have developed the technology that we now cannot handle. That we are a species that can use language to create intrinsic lies, is also not helping. On one hand language has helped us to cooperate without submitting to the whole, but also has lead to the development of politics: leaders who can convince others that they are good leaders based on what they say.

A lack of severe present-day consequences. This year’s west coast US wildfire smoke is as close as the US has seen to motivation. Society would need that for weeks every year (or a different consequence of about that amount of discomfort) to be motivated enough for meaningful change.

(Yes, this means we’ll wait a long time before acting.)

This wasn't the summer I was expecting: although we've managed to melt a huge amount of the arctic ice cap, temperatures in the northern hemisphere were still bearable, even though this was one of the hottest summers on record, and there were lots of forest fires in Siberia and the US.

An even hotter summer heatwave causing large numbers of deaths in continental cities should make politicians take much closer notice.

Although it doesn't please me to say this, I think this is the crisis we need in order for this problem to start being taken much more seriously. Change can happen in a crisis.

Economic collapse? Kidding, but that might actually help.

Otherwise I think the impacts of events from climate change must be more pronounced before we see more focused action.

A co2 tax disallows companies to externalize the damage to the environment. Hoping for innovative forms of energy production and storage. We have some of that already, but the investment costs are too high.

Because people won't give up their modern lifestyle and no country will support the massive programs that would be necessary to reverse the warming trend.

Resource consumption is the root of all environmental impact. High populations tend to exacerbate that impact to the point where it is negative. So once the population reaches a certain level, even a minimal existence creates a negative impact.

Good luck convincing even a majority of the population to reduce offspring (capitalism as we know it requires population growth), reduce consumption (people are greedy and wasteful), and change their lifestyle (from eliminating chemical products, adopting a zero trash lifestyle, to giving up cars, yes even the electric ones). Then you'd have to get countries to work together not just to essentially ban greenhouse emissions, but also reverse the warming trend by blocking solar energy in space or the atmosphere and recapturing greenhouse gasses, etc.

No individual has the incentives to help nip this in the bud before it spirals out of control. At this point, it needs to be a top down effort from governments/UN. But of course, the finite resources in this world are zero sum. And there are the fools out there that think the free market can save us.

It's gonna be tough or impossible.

Investment decisions are based on expected costs and benefits AND a characterization of the uncertainties in those estimates. Parametric uncertainty in climate models can be beaten to death with Monte Carlo techniques and the like. Structural uncertainty — how certain are you in the functions and their couplings — is a lot harder. A single feedback loop missed, a single additional factor unaccounted for...and 3.5 C becomes 5 C, or -2 C.

Consider the models that were used in the first days of the COVID pandemic to predict the trajectory of deaths over time by US State. It wasn’t that they were wrong...that was to be expected. What was problematic was their estimates of the uncertainty in their estimates of those trajectories which, if I remember, was way too small. You will overinvest if the uncertainties are understated...and the very modelers who understated the uncertainties will be first line to sop up the money. Convenient.

The loudest voices, whether politicians or scientists, will generally overestimate how much confidence we should place in their predictions. “The seersucker principle - for every seer, there’s a sucker.” Especially when there is a 10 Trillion Dollar international slush fund waiting to be established and milked. That’s a lot of graduate stipends, and somebody has to eat all those Viennese pastries at international conferences.

Well, what about consensus? You mean a Mongolian cluster...umm...let’s just say that there is no way to quantify the reduction in uncertainty when a group of experts, who stand to gain reputationally (for at least as long as it takes for their kids to get out of college), say that something is a sure thing. I believe that a relevant phrase from finance is “lipstick on a pig”.

But we have to do something, right? Well, are there lower risk investments? Well, a lot of folks are going to die in China, India and the like from air quality, if certain health models are correct. Models that can be verified a lot more easily than global climate models. India needs technologies to plant crops without burning fields. Those are well-established technologies that could be implemented in India today with a small fraction of just 1 Trillion. Scrubbers on coal plants in China? Direct lives saved this decade. Electric vehicles? A win-win according to some analysts for both short term and, if the climate models are correct, long term. Nuclear power? Replacing burning wood with cleaner household fuels? Let’s address deforestation too.

What about climate modelers? We still need researchers and research...because we live here. On Earth. Nice to know where the light switches are, for a lot of good reasons.

evolution

It needs to be seen and felt by a large majority of people, especially in the richer countries. And even then there will be political promises more than action, until it's probably going to be too late, if it's not already.

China needs to change