I have a background in startups working in app support/DB analyst roles.
The role I'm starting is a backend node.js role focused mostly on AWS Lambda/API Gateway tech. The company is pretty small (3 people).
What should I focus on in the first month to have the best foundation? E.g should I focus mostly on reading the existing codebase, start working on small bugs ASAP, self-study on the tech stack areas I'm less familiar with, etc.
That's not advice specific to your current job. That's general advice I wish someone had given me when I started writing software. A good knowledge/note management system is a worthwhile investment and the earlier you start the better.
Also, HN has a search function. I searched for the phrases "junior developer" "advice" and this is what I found: https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu.... There are some good references that might be applicable to your situation.
I'd start by getting acquainted with the people, the tools, the projects and the processes in the company.
The idea is to understand what projects are being worked on, by whom, with what tools (languages, libraries etc) and following which process -- so that you can have an idea of what you don't know yet and who to ask to, should you need.