How can these concerns be resolved to allow certain teams to work remotely without upsetting other departments?
Anyway, just do it and let the results speak for themselves.
One thing to keep in mind: When I went remote, "everyone" in the company was in the habit of interrupting me for trivial matters. At the time, I was trying to get my manager to run interference. Me going remote acted as a bit of a forcing function for my manager to be more aware of the problem.
When any engineer can demonstrate a strong track record of shipping, any idea of "laziness" goes away pretty quickly.
I think one of the reasons why "laziness" comes up is because remote engineers aren't physically in the office to be shoulder tapped for questions (though so many questions now go in Slack anyway).
A somewhat opposite problem I've seen is that when people work remote, they kind of "forget to stop" and end up working way more than a standard workweek.
A start to solving both of these issues when working remote is to establish a clear schedule of your working hours and your "availability for questions" hours. I.e., make it clear 1) when you're working and when you're not 2) when you're available for answering questions vs reserving your time for working in flow.
Can use something like a Slack status to remind colleagues.
There will absolutely have to be pre-defined sync times, and a "mostly available" synchronous-ish times, but outside of that mgmt and other teams need to trust workers to do their jobs. This will probably require a change in communication styles and communication tools.
Another way to look at it is git commits - if remote workers are committing just as often as local ones, they're doing equal work.
This might end up with more busywork, but such is the side effect of anything where managers try to monitor work rate.
These are weasel words coming from BS-land. A strong leader will crush them immediately. Proof should be the only true currency.
Someone complaining about your process? Walk them through every step and explain every decision until they see they're out of their league and stop complaining.
That's what I'd do.
The recruiters I work with know that I don't entertain non-remote work at any salary.
Do the same. Join the revolution. Succeed.
The culture at this company must be really difficult if "upsetting" other departments is the reason to prevent remote work.