What are some accessible yet substantial sources that lay out the evidence for the core mechanisms of climate change? I know that more-specific time scales and effects are less certain, so I'm really just focused on the "climate change is caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases and is going to be a really big problem" side of things.
https://grist.org/series/skeptics/
Not exactly what you asked for, but maybe it can help.
For what it's worth, I strongly agree with everyone who's saying facts and figures aren't the answer. The only honest way to change somebody's mind is (1) have a thorough understanding of the issue at multiple levels; (2) listen to and hear their reasons and make them feel heard; (3) understand what's behind their belief; and (4) use all that to nudge them in the "right" direction (yours) in ways that don't conflict with what you found in (3). "Proving" people wrong with evidence is often not effective, especially on issues like this.
People are more interested in feeling right than being right. (This isn't good or bad, just Goodhart's law.) Try to help him be right without feeling wrong, whether that's with evidence or not.
In any case, good luck.
What I find inexcusable is climate activists who assume that people who are skeptical of the link between human activity and climate change are idiots. Those claiming the link have the burden of proof, and they've done a pitiful job of presenting the actual evidence.
Your dad is completely justified in his skepticism.
For example, New York was under a kilometer of ice a mere 20,000 years ago. Ditto with many other places in the world. The fact that we see glaciers in retreat and overall warming is entirely consistent with a warming trend that ended the Pleistocene Era and paved the way for civilization as we know it.
Those making extraordinary claims (humans are warming the planet) must provide extraordinary evidence. And that has never been done.
Best to find the emotional state behind his beliefs. And that requires empathy and listening, lots of non-judgemental listening, and echoing and understanding.